Preface - Teasers - Enhanced Terminology - Reference - Encoding of DVD & Bluray Content - About Audio - Recovering The Camera Shots
Basic Primitives - Pulldown Primitives - Advanced Interpolations - Seen In The Wild, Repairing Video
Euro pulldown converts strides of 24 pictures at rate: #pps, to strides of 25 pictures at rate: (#x25/24)pps, to be used, for example, by cinema-at-25fps-telecined.
Author's note: Euro pulldown may be 11x2-3-11x2-3 or may be 22x2-3-3 -- 22x2-3-3 seems more sensible. I have not found an authoritative source -- Wikipedia is not authoritative -- and I don't have any samples of Euro pulldown from actual ersatz PAL DVDs.
11x2-3-11x2-3 pulldown.
import pictures: (A+a_ .. __________)(L+l____________________)(M+m________ .. (W+w____________________)(X+x____________________) ...#pps
NOTATION: #pps__#x2hps__(Aa-Xx)(Aa-LlLm-WxXx)=(#x50/24)hps__(#x25/24)pps
\__________\___ unweave \________________________\___ weave
export pictures: (A+a_ .. (L+l___________________)(L+m___________________) .. _)(W+x___________________)(X+x___________________) ...(#x25/24)pps
combing: XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
1st halfpics: (A___ .. (L____________________+140%____________________) .. _)(W_________-4%_________)(X_________-4%_________) ...[note 1]
2nd halfpics: (a___ .. (l_________-4%_________)(m_________-4%_________) .. _)(x____________________+140%____________________) ...[note 2]
Combing: 48% -- Judder: 144% @ 2 judders per stride [note 1][note 2].
[note 1] (M_________-4%_________) is 4% shorter than (M______________________), (L____________________+140%____________________)(M_________-4%_________) is 144% judder @ 1 judder per stride with 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 cadence.
[note 2] (w_________-4%_________) is 4% shorter than (w______________________), (w_________-4%_________)(x____________________+140%____________________) is 144% judder @ 1 judder per stride with 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 cadence.
22x2-3-3 pulldown converts strides of 24 pictures at rate: #pps, to strides of 25 pictures at rate: (#x25/24)pps, to be used, for example, by cinema-at-25fps-telecined.
import pictures: (A+a_ .. v____________________)(W+w____________________)(X+x____________________) ...#pps
NOTATION: #pps__#x2hps__(Aa-Xx)(Aa-WwWxXx)=(#x50/24)hps__(#x25/24)pps
\__________\___ unweave \________________________\___ weave
export pictures: (A+a_ .. (W+w___________________)(W+x___________________)(X+x___________________) ...(#x25/24)pps
combing: XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
1st halfpics: (A___ .. (W____________________+140%____________________)(X_________-4%_________) ...[note 1]
2nd halfpics: (a___ .. (w_________-4%_________)(x____________________+140%____________________) ...[note 2]
Combing: 4% -- Judder: 144% @ 1 judder per stride [note 1][note 2].
[note 1] (X_________-4%_________) is 4% shorter than (X______________________), (W____________________+140%____________________)(X_________-4%_________) is 144% judder @ 1 judder per stride with 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 cadence.
[note 2] (w_________-4%_________) is 4% shorter than (w______________________), (w_________-4%_________)(x____________________+140%____________________) is 144% judder @ 1 judder per stride with 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 cadence.
reverse Euro pulldown converts strides of 25 pictures at rate: #pps, to strides of 24 pictures at rate: (#x24/25)pps, suitable, for example, for cinema-from-25fps-telecined.
reverse 11x2-3-11x2-3 pulldown.
NOTATION: #pps__#x2hps__(Aa-LlLm-WxXx)(Aa-Xx)=(#x48/25)hps__(#x24/25)pps [note 1]
\ \ (Aa-KkKl-VwWwXx)(Aa-Xx) \
\ \ (Aa-JjJk-UvVv-Xx)(Aa-Xx) \
\ \ (Aa-IiIj-TuUu-Xx)(Aa-Xx) \
\ \ (Aa-HhHi-StTt-Xx)(Aa-Xx) \
\ \ (Aa-GgGh-RsSs-Xx)(Aa-Xx) \
\ \ (Aa-FfFg-QrRr-Xx)(Aa-Xx) \
\ \ (Aa-EeEf-PqQq-Xx)(Aa-Xx) \
\ \ (Aa-DdDe-OpPp-Xx)(Aa-Xx) \
\ \ (Aa-CcCd-NoOo-Xx)(Aa-Xx) \
\ \ (AaBbBc-MnNn-Xx)(Aa-Xx) \
\ \ (AaAb-LmMm-Xx)(Aa-Xx) \ \
\__________\___ unweave \________________________\___ weave
Combing: none -- Judder: none.
[note 1] For efficiency and robustness, detection of the reverse pulldown patterns should be applied in the order shown.
reverse 22x2-3-3 pulldown converts strides of 25 pictures at rate: #pps, to strides of 24 pictures at rate: (#x24/25)pps, suitable, for example, for cinema-from-25fps-telecined.
NOTATION: #pps__#x2hps__(Aa-WwWxXx)(Aa-Xx)=(#x48/25)hps__(#x24/25)pps
\ \ (Aa-VvVwWwXx)(Aa-Xx) \
\ \ (Aa-UuUvVv-Xx)(Aa-Xx) \
\ \ (Aa-TtTuUu-Xx)(Aa-Xx) \
\ \ (Aa-SsStTt-Xx)(Aa-Xx) \
\ \ (Aa-RrRsSs-Xx)(Aa-Xx) \
\ \ (Aa-QqQrRr-Xx)(Aa-Xx) \
\ \ (Aa-PpPqQq-Xx)(Aa-Xx) \
\ \ (Aa-OoOpPp-Xx)(Aa-Xx) \
\ \ (Aa-NnNoOo-Xx)(Aa-Xx) \
\ \ (Aa-MmMnNn-Xx)(Aa-Xx) \
\ \ (Aa-LlLmMm-Xx)(Aa-Xx) \
\ \ (Aa-KkKlLl-Xx)(Aa-Xx) \
\ \ (Aa-JjJkKk-Xx)(Aa-Xx) \
\ \ (Aa-IiIjJj-Xx)(Aa-Xx) \
\ \ (Aa-HhHiIi-Xx)(Aa-Xx) \
\ \ (Aa-GgGhHh-Xx)(Aa-Xx) \
\ \ (Aa-FfFgGg-Xx)(Aa-Xx) \
\ \ (Aa-EeEfFf-Xx)(Aa-Xx) \
\ \ (Aa-DdDeEe-Xx)(Aa-Xx) \
\ \ (Aa-CcCdDd-Xx)(Aa-Xx) \
\ \ (AaBbBcCc-Xx)(Aa-Xx) \
\ \ (AaAbBb-Xx)(Aa-Xx) \ \
\__________\___ unweave \________________________\___ weave
Combing: none -- Judder: none.
[note 1] For efficiency and robustness, detection of the reverse pulldown patterns should be applied in the order shown.
2-3-2-3 pulldown converts strides of 4 pictures at rate: #pps, to strides of 5 pictures at rate: (#x5/4)pps, to be used, for example, by cinema-at-30'fps.
import pictures: (A+a_______________)(B+b_______________)(C+c_______________)(D+d_______________) ...#pps
NOTATION: #pps__#x2hps__(Aa-Dd)(AaBbBcCdDd)=(#x10/4)hps__(#x5/4)pps
\__________\___ unweave \_____________________\___ weave
export pictures: (A+a___________)(B+b___________)(B+c___________)(C+d___________)(D+d___________) ...(#x5/4)pps
combing: XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
1st halfpics: (A____-20%_____)(B____________+60%_____________)(C____-20%_____)(D____-20%_____) ...[note 1]
2nd halfpics: (a____-20%_____)(b____-20%_____)(c____-20%_____)(d____________+60%_____________) ...[note 2]
Combing: 40% -- Judder: 80% @ 2 judders per stride [note 1][note 2].
[note 1] (A____-20%_____) is 20% shorter than (A_________________), (A____-20%_____)(B____________+60%_____________) is 80% judder @ 1 judder per stride with 1 2 1 1 cadence.
[note 2] (c____-20%_____) is 20% shorter than (c_________________), (c____-20%_____)(d____________+60%_____________) is 80% judder @ 1 judder per stride with 1 1 1 2 cadence.
reverse 2-3-2-3 pulldown is suitable, for example, for cinema-from-30'fps.
import pictures: (A+a_______________)(B+b_______________)(C+c_______________)(D+d_______________) ...#pps
NOTATION: #pps__#x2hps__(AaBbBcCdDd)(Aa-Dd)=(#x8/5)hps__(#x4/5)pps [note 1]
\ \ (AaAbBcCcDd)(Aa-Dd) \ \
\__________\___ unweave \____________________\___ weave
Combing: none -- Judder: none.
[note 1] For efficiency and robustness, detection of the reverse pulldown patterns should be applied in the order shown.
2-2-3-3 pulldown is an alternative to 2-3-2-3 pulldown with half the combing.
import pictures: (A+a_______________)(B+b_______________)(C+c_______________)(D+d_______________) ...#pps
NOTATION: #pps__#x2hps__(Aa-Dd)(AaBbCcCdDd)=(#x10/4)hps__(#x5/4)pps
\__________\___ unweave \_____________________\___ weave
export pictures: (A+a___________)(B+b___________)(C+c___________)(C+d___________)(D+d___________) ...(#x5/4)pps
combing: XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
1st halfpics: (A____-20%_____)(B____-20%_____)(C____________+60%_____________)(D____-20%_____) ...[note 1]
2nd halfpics: (a____-20%_____)(b____-20%_____)(c____-20%_____)(d____________+60%_____________) ...[note 2]
Combing: 20% -- Judder: 80% @ 1 judder per stride [note 1][note 2].
[note 1] (B____-20%_____) is 20% shorter than (B_________________), (B____-20%_____)(C____________+60%_____________) is 80% judder @ 1 judder per stride with 1 1 2 1 cadence.
[note 2] (c____-20%_____) is 20% shorter than (c_________________), (c____-20%_____)(d____________+60%_____________) is 80% judder @ 1 judder per stride with 1 1 1 2 cadence.
5-5 pulldown is an alternative to 2-3-2-3 pulldown with half the combing & half the judder. It converts strides of 2 pictures at rate: #pps, to strides of 5 pictures at rate: (#x5/2)pps.
import pictures: (A+a_______________)(B+b_______________) ...#pps
NOTATION: #pps__#x2hps__(AaBb)(AaAaAbBbBb)=#x5hps__(#x5/2)pps
\__________\___ unweave \________________\___ weave
export pictures: (A+a___)(A+a___)(A+b___)(B+b___)(B+b___) ...(#x5/2)pps
combing: XXXXXXXX
1st halfpics: (A________+20%_________)(B____-20%_____) ...[note 1]
2nd halfpics: (a____-20%_____)(b________+20%_________) ...[note 2]
Combing: 20% -- Judder: 40% @ 1 judder per stride [note 1][note 2].
[note 1] (B____-20%_____) is 20% shorter than (B_________________), (A________+20%_________)(B____-20%_____) is 40% judder @ 1 judder per stride with 2 1 cadence.
[note 2] (a____-20%_____) is 20% shorter than (a_________________), (a____-20%_____)(b________+20%_________) is 40% judder @ 1 judder per stride with 1 2 cadence.
2-2-3-2-3 pulldown is suitable, for example, for 25pps-to-30pps conversions.
import pictures: (A+a_____________)(B+b_____________)(C+c_____________)(D+d_____________)(E+e_____________) ...#pps
NOTATION: #pps__#x2hps__(Aa-Ee)(AaBbCcCdDeEe)=(#x12/5)hps__(#x6/5)pps
\__________\___ unweave \_____________________\___ weave
export pictures: (A+a__________)(B+b__________)(C+c__________)(C+d__________)(D+e__________)(E+e__________) ...(#x6/5)pps
combing: XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
1st halfpics: (A____-17%____)(B____-17%____)(C___________+67%____________)(D____-17%____)(E____-17%____) ...[note 1]
2nd halfpics: (a____-17%____)(b____-17%____)(c____-17%____)(d____-17%____)(e___________+67%____________) ...[note 2]
Combing: 33% -- Judder: 83% @ 2 judders per stride [note 1][note 2].
[note 1] (B____-17%____) is 17% shorter than (B_______________), (B____-17%____)(C___________+67%____________) is 83% judder @ 1 judder per stride with 1 1 2 1 1 cadence.
[note 2] (d____-17%____) is 17% shorter than (d_______________), (d____-17%____)(e___________+67%____________) is 83% judder @ 1 judder per stride with 1 1 1 1 2 cadence.